Crossfeed allows for fuel from one wing tank to be burned by the engine on the other wing. Analysis of fuel consumption for an aircraft deployment. This ac cancels ac 15052304a, aircraft fuel storage, handling, and dispensing on airports, dated june 18, 2004. Refuelling and defuelling risks skybrary aviation safety. Emerging market fuels expansion the pei journal online pdf file, 71 kb millennium systems international aviation fueling engineering seminar pdf file, 657 kb facet technical bulletin re. The use of electrical equipment on the servicing ramp during fueling shall be. This ac provides an acceptable means of complying with title 14 code of federal regulations cfr part 9 hereinafter referred to as part 9 for all part 9 airport operators. When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to do the following.
Emiliano ippoliti coulombs law 3 let us consider two pointlike electric charges q and q at position x 1 and x 2, respectively. The electric field e, generated by a collection of source charges, is defined as e f q where f is the total electric force exerted by the source charges on the test charge q. This is due tothe electrical fieldthat exi sts betweenthe earthand the ionosphere,the ionosphere beingapproximately300,000volt. The aircraft was instrumented to measure the electric atmospheric field near thunderstorms and to record the hf transient signal produced on test equipment inside and outside the. Fortunately, the accident record during aircraft fueling has been somewhat better. Dangers of static charge electrostatic charge is dangerous when itcauses lightning and sparks that can ignite fuel when an aircraft is beingrefuelled with kerosene paraffin and when a car is being refuelled with petrolfriction forces cause charge separation charge separation result in the metalframe of an aircraft gaining an opposite charge. There are many industrial uses of static electricity. Modifications have been made to many of these tanker aircraft kc5s and kc10s to make them more effective in refueling fighter aircraft. Pressure refuelling is normal for multi crew transport aircraft and business jets but gravity. They are designed to provide a proper and reliable management of fuel resources throughout all phases of operation, notwithstanding.
This paper piggybacks on that research and extends it. The transfer of charge happens because there is friction between the fuel and the pipe. The responsibilities of an aircraft fueler require handling large quantities of aviation fuel. To 0025172 technical manual ground servicing of aircraft and static groundingbonding this manual supersedes to 0025172 dated 9 august 20, change 27 dated march 2017. Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity federal. Desert storage preservation and process manual for aircraft, aircraft engines, and. Aircraft high level shutoff valves must be prechecked at the beginning of the hot refueling operation. Critical refueling rates are related to the airplane refueling installations and the designer should seek the advice of fuel suppliers on this problem. The fuel itself is an insulator a hydrocarbon and charge can be transferred as the fuel flows through a pipe if the pipe is also an insulator.
Since the cold war, aerial refueling tanker aircraft have been a key enabler of air power and of joint force operations. As the nozzle the end of the pipe is brought close to the fuel tank, a spark can jump between. All aspects of fuel products and systems including fuel handling, quantity gauging and management functions for both commercial civil and military applications. What are the dangers of electrostatic charge when charge jumps across an air gap it causes a spark. The issues are much the same whether the fuel source is a tankerbowser or a fuel hydrant system. Thoroughly drain all of the aircrafts sumps, drains, and strainers before a flight to get rid of all the water that might have collected. Aircraft refueling door hinge utilizing additive manufacturing. Aircraft fuel systems roy langton, chuck clark, martin. Static electricity and aircraft gigliotti major reference works. Pdf feasibility of an electrostatic energy harvesting device for. Static electricity and the safety hazard when refueling the discharge of static electricity while dispensing fuel is a serious hazard that can potentially result in a catastrophic fire or explosion. The design for manufacturing and assembly analysis and redesign of an aircraft refueling door hinge utilizing additive. The fuel systems on board modern aircraft are multifunctional, fully integrated complex networks. Static grounding reels for industrial and military applications hunter spring is a supplier to several customers in the aircraft refueling and fuel transportation industries, and meets exacting specifications aa50696 in critical applications, where the discharge of static electricity could cause a spark and subsequent explosion.
Electrical charge depends on the speed of surface friction, size of contact area, humidity, etc. Issue 5 december 2012 experimental studies of lightning strikes to aircraft al0506 3 rather to measure the electromagnetic effect of nearby lightning flashes. Gcse physics electrostatic charge how can fuels or. How to conduct safe aircraft refuel servicing operations. Static grounding reels for fuel transit and aircraft refueling.
Otherwise, the hand signals in figure 11 will be used. Aircraft refuelling and defuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels. Aircraft direct refueling arms, called pantographs, refueling directly the aircraft. One of the more peculiar phenomena to which aircraft are exposed, both in the air and on the ground, is static electricity. Lufthansa airbus a380 departure from san francisco english subtitles duration. Electrostatic charge may also build up in the fuel during fueling and if the.
Rfi is reduced by preventing the uncontrolled discharge of static electricity from the aircraft to the surrounding air. Touch the nozzle on the cap prior to opening the tank cap. Lately, i have received a number of questions concerning grounding or bonding an aircraft during the refueling process. The accumulation of electrostatic charge, generating during flight on the outer surfaces of aircraft and inside aircraft piping systems, cannot be considered as an immediate danger for flight safety, but it has to be seriously prevented to avoid upset in flight communications and risks of explosion in fuel areas or during refueling operations. To help you understand the need for bonding and grounding of fuel dispensing equipment, the following information is offered. An application of refueling operation 163 by tank basis. The first step problem p1 is deriving an algorithm that finds the optimal aerial refueling points for a single aircraft deployment with multiple. It is assumed that the test charge q is small and therefore does not change the distribution of the source charges. Aircraft refueling systems aviation refueling systems. These make use of both repulsion of like charges, and attraction of opposite charges. Static electricity what you should know about it and. Dirt can get into the fuel if refueling equipment is poorly maintained or if the refueling operation is sloppy. These particles are then heated by a laser beams to locally melt them causing adhesion to each. The prevention of fires and explosions resulting from electrostatic discharges in aircraft fuel systems is of special concern to aircraft designers and operators.
The cart is powered by diesel engine coupled to an hydraulic pump supplying all the cart systems. The reason for using a bonding strap during refueling is that when an electrically, nonconductive fluid like jet a or 100ll is transferred, these liquids build up static electricity that can arc and cause a fire if not dissipated. Electrostatics is a problem requiring consideration in refueling because of something called triboelectric effect. Generation of electrostatic charge in fuel handling systems dtic.
Aerial refueling, also referred to as air refueling, inflight refueling ifr, airtoair refueling aar, and tanking, is the process of transferring aviation fuel from one military aircraft the tanker to another the receiver during flight. Plane refueling safety with hose and nozzle rawhide fire. The ideas are presented roughly in the order in which they are taught in my class, and are designed to supplement the text. The vehicle performing fueling operations is not to be positioned within 10 feet of the aircraft fuel vent system. When the aeroplanes are charged after travelling in the air and contact with air particle the potential difference between it and the earth is very high so electrons try to jump from the craft to. Decisions on the composition of the air force aerial refueling fleet were made decades ago, when the primary mission was to refuel longrange strategic bombers. Static electricity and the safety hazard when refueling. This report, which will be updated, examines the balance between two different. This handbook is for guidance only and cannot be cited as a requirement. Ground servicing of aircraft and static groundingbonding f0960399d0382 distribution statement a approved for public release. The object which has electrostatic charge tends to has neutral.
Upon aircraft arrival, obtain quantity and grades of products required from airline or aircraft personnel. Attach the bonding cable to a suitable point on the aircraft like the exhaust stub or undercarriage leg. The main objective of the project is to provide simulation and visualization tools which can be used for studies and training of airtoair refueling. What you should know about it and recommendations when refuelling aircraft from containers. Airtoair refueling process with the jas 39 gripen cd as the refueling aircraft and c hercules as the tanker aircraft see fig. One that might not necessarily be the most talked or written about has to do with static electricity and fueling up a plane with a hose and nozzle. Standard intoplane fueling service levels and safety iata. Refueling of all types of military and commercial aircraft as wide body aircraft, tanker aircraft, tactical aircraft, helicopter but also airfield tank trucks. In the subsection named strategic uses and considerations, the text discusses the use of tankers to refuel cargo aircraft inflight and implies that inflight refuling of cargo aircraft was used during the vietnam conflict era. Box 3345, d38023 braunschweig, germany in germany, between 1992 and 1995, more than 30 ignitions of gasolineairmixtures at public filling stations have. The spark can ignite set fire to flammable liquids, vapours and powders in pipes how can fuel flowing through a pipe cause an explosion care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in cars or aircraft. The fueling vehicle should be positioned with a clear path to permit its rapid removal.
It states that the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of their charges and varies inversely as the square of the distance between the two bodies. I will be writing these notes as i teach the class, so they will be constantly updated and modi ed. Study of electricity in which electric charges are static i. Another significant issue in aircraft life is the possible electrostatic charge accumulation during refueling operations. At 10,000meters a ltitude the normal flying altitude for commercial jet aircraft, the atmosphere naturally carries a positive charge of approximately100,000volt. Attach the bonding cable from the fuel nozzle to near the tank cap. Pdf a novel energy harvesting concept is proposed for treating local electrostatic energy. To the best of my knowledge, there werent any usaf cargo aircraft which were capable of. What is the danger of static electricity when refuelling.
Static electricity in flight threatens aircraft safety. The aircraft should not be approached until it has come to a complete stop, the engines have been shut down, and it is ready for servicing. The two main refueling systems are probeanddrogue, which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying boom, which offers faster fuel. In previous research, the problem of having a single aircraft deployment with one instantaneous aerial refueling has been explored and solved. Notes on electrostatics these notes are meant for my phy3 lecture class, but all are free to use them and i hope they help.
Accounting and stock control procedures are not included in this handbook or in the natops manual. Avoidance of electrostatic hazards during refuelling of. Dangers of static charge electrostatic charge is dangerous. Static electricity is caused by friction between dissimiliar materials, specifically at the molecular level. Monitor change out pressure pdf file, 105 kb facet. Uses and dangers of electrostatics static electricity. In some cases, the fuel is routed directly from the tank to the engine while in others, it is transferred from one wing tank to the opposite wing tank. The design for manufacturing and assembly analysis and. Airliners the more recently built ones, at least do have a system that puts nitrogenenriched air not pure nitrogen, but more n2 and less o2 than ambient into the fuel tanks to reduce the risk of a twa 800 fuel. The aircraft fuel system and engine fuel system as well as the type, designation, and requirements of the aircraft fuels, are discussed in this chapter. It is a branch of physics that deals with the phenomena and properties of stationary or slowmoving electric charges with no acceleration. Hose and nozzle safety during plane refueling there are many safety precautions associated with planes and flying. How does electrostatic energy build up during refueling.
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